Leadership Behavior as the Determinant of Organizational Engagement: A Review of Managerial Character and Employee Retention

Abstract

This study investigates how community empowerment processes influence urban planning outcomes in Jakarta’s pursuit of global city status, examining the dialectical tension between top-down infrastructure development and bottom-up community participation. Integrating Saskia Sassen’s global city theory with Susan Fainstein’s just city framework and AT Kearney’s Global Cities Index, this research analyses how infrastructure projects serve as both instruments of social control and mechanisms for community empowerment, drawing on classical sociological frameworks of power, social stratification, and urban modernization. The study focuses on Jakarta, Indonesia, analysing the city’s transformation from DKI (Daerah Khusus Ibukota) to DKJ (Daerah Khusus Jakarta). This research employs a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative case study analysis of community-led planning initiatives, policy document analysis, and ethnographic observation of grassroots movements, with data collection including semi-structured interviews with community leaders. The findings reveal that community empowerment emerges when residents successfully negotiate meaningful participation in urban planning processes. Grassroots movements, grounded in local wisdom and traditional mutual aid practices (gotong royong), demonstrate that participatory governance can transform communities from passive recipients to active urban stakeholders, indicating that Jakarta’s path toward global city status requires justice-oriented planning prioritizing community rights alongside economic competitiveness metrics.