Blockchain Adoption in Emerging Economies: The Interplay of Digital Infrastructure and Organizational Capabilities in Indonesia

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants of blockchain adoption and their influence on platform usage intentions by integrating the Technology-Organization-Environment framework with the Technology Acceptance Model to reveal asymmetric causal pathways in distributed ledger technology diffusion. Employing partial least squares structural equation modeling on survey data from organizational respondents across diverse industries and firm sizes, we examined direct and mediated relationships among technological infrastructure, organizational governance, environmental conditions, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, blockchain adoption, and usage intentions through variance accounted for analysis determining mediation typologies. Results reveal three critical patterns: technological infrastructure, organizational governance, and environmental conditions demonstrate complete mediation through institutional adoption with no direct effects on usage intentions; perceived usefulness exhibits autonomous direct pathways bypassing organizational adoption mechanisms; and perceived ease of use shows non-significant relationships with both adoption and intention, contradicting Technology Acceptance Model predictions. The integrated model achieves substantial explanatory power and superior predictive relevance, validating theoretical pluralism in technology adoption research. This research advances blockchain adoption theory by demonstrating that contextual enablers operate exclusively through institutional legitimation while utility perceptions exert autonomous influence, revealing a dual-pathway architecture where macro-level necessary conditions and micro-level sufficient motivations must converge for successful diffusion and product innovation. Findings challenge mono-theoretical frameworks and illuminate boundary conditions where established technology acceptance relationships attenuate in complex enterprise systems, providing actionable insights for organizations navigating digital transformation and policymakers designing blockchain diffusion interventions in contemporary digital economies.