Modeling Real Income Indicators in the Russian Federation and the European Union Countries

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Published: Dec 7, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64753/jcasc.v10i4.2950
Keywords:
Environment 1, European Union 7, Factor analysis 2, Least squares method 3, Model 5, Principal component analysis 4, Russian Federation 6.

Main Article Content

Igor A. Maksimtsev
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, 191123 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Konstantin B. Kostin
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, 191123 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Yulia V. Malevich
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, 191123 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Sofya M. Kurgina
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, 191123 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Yin Shaowei
University of International Business and Economics, 100029 Beijing, China.
József Kárpáti
John von Neumann University, Izsáki út 10. 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a factor analysis of real income indicators in the Russian Federation and the European Union based on an original evaluation algorithm. Using the least squares method, the authors propose models for assessing real income in Russia and European countries. The findings of these models are compared, leading to recommendations aimed at increasing real income levels in Russia, the EU and globally.

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How to Cite
Maksimtsev, I. A., Kostin, K. B., Malevich, Y. V., Kurgina, S. M., Shaowei, Y., & Kárpáti, J. (2025). Modeling Real Income Indicators in the Russian Federation and the European Union Countries. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change, 10(4), 805–816. https://doi.org/10.64753/jcasc.v10i4.2950
Issue
2025: Volume 10 Issue 4
Section
Articles