The Effect of Spiritual Leadership, Individual Characteristics, Work Experience, and Pedagogical Competence on the Performance of Elementary School Teachers

Abstract

Teacher performance plays a crucial role in determining the education quality. This study aims to analyze the influence of spiritual leadership, individual characteristics, work experience, and pedagogical competence on the performance of Hindu Religion teachers in Elementary Schools in Denpasar City. This study is an ex-post-facto study involving 168 elementary school teachers as research samples. Data were gathered by questionnaires.  The collected data were analysed quantitatively employing descriptive and inferential statistics using Partial Least Square. The study results indicate that spiritual leadership, individual characteristics, and work experience positively and significantly affect teacher pedagogical competence. In addition, spiritual leadership, individual characteristics, work experience, and pedagogical competence also positively and significantly affect teacher performance. Other findings reveal that pedagogical competence mediates the effect of spiritual leadership, individual characteristics, and work experience on teacher performance. This study has several limitations, including the fact that it was only conducted in Denpasar City, so the results cannot be generalized to other regions. Therefore, further research is recommended to expand the region's scope, use mixed methods, and consider other factors such as work motivation, teacher welfare, and institutional support. Thus, the research results can provide a broader contribution to improving the performance of Hindu Religion teachers in Elementary Schools.