The Transformation of Traditional Tariqa Teachings Among Nasqhbandi Haqqani Sufis in Indonesia

Abstract

The transformation within the Naqshbandi Haqqani order has occurred on a massive scale. These changes extend beyond the limited adoption of modern tools and penetrate the essential core of tariqa teachings. This study aims to examine the forms of transformation enacted by the Naqshbandi Haqqani order, particularly in relation to the initiation ritual (bay’ah), the teacher-student relationship, and the practice of dhikr. Previous studies have explored how tariqas adapt to modernity, often focusing on the use of digital technologies as tools for outreach and da‘wah. However, the Naqshbandi Haqqani have gone beyond such dimensions. This research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through interviews and participant observation. Observations focused on the digital platforms utilized by the Naqshbandi Haqqani, while interviews were conducted with both teachers and students within the order, as well as with leaders from other Sufi groups. The transformation of these three core aspects has significantly expanded the order’s demographic reach, attracting followers from diverse economic, social, and educational backgrounds. Through this transformation, Naqshbandi Haqqani adherents are able to engage in spiritual practices regardless of time, place, or circumstance. However, maintaining the purity of the teachings remains essential to prevent dilution by the limits of modernity. Leaders of other tariqas may benefit from considering similar transformative approaches as exemplified by the Naqshbandi Haqqani.